Compound Elements
Some elemental compounds are found or are readily accessible from natural resources. Like base elements, these can be extracted with some machine processing.
Methane

Methane is an abundant hydrocarbon gas found in the Overworld's Swamps. Requires the Atmospheric Scrubber to harvest. It is an efficient fuel source, as well as the feedstock for advanced polymers and silicone compounds.
Sulphurine

Sulphurine is the Nether's atmospheric gas. The otherwise impossibly dry conditions of the Nether allow this gas to remain stable and not decay to elemental sulfur. The Chem Lab can react Sulphurine with Water to form Sulfuric Acid, and it is also used to solidify Silicone Oil into rubber.
Seawater

Water from the Overworld's oceans has a high concentration of chlorine from marine flora. An Atmospheric Scrubber can harvest the ocean's water, and Chlorine may subsequently be extracted via ElectroCentrifuge.
Ammonia

Ammonia is a toxic, nitrogen-hydrogen compound used to grow certain exotic flora in the Bio/ARU Garden and for gloom gas weaponry. More importantly, it is used in the processing line for Rhenium metal.